Virus titrations suffer the problems of variation common to all biological assay systems.Assessment of the accuracy of the virus titrations and reduction factors derived from them and the validity of the assays should be performed to define the reliability of a study.The objective of statistical evaluation is to establish that the study has been carried out to an acceptable level of virological competence.

1.Assay methods may be either quantal or quantitative.Quantal methods include infectivity assays in animals or in tissue-culture-infectious-dose (TCID)assays,in which the animal or cell culture is scored as either infected or not.Infectivity titers are then measured by the proportion of animals or culture infected.In quantitative methods,the infectivity measured varies continuously with the virus input.Quantitative methods include plaque assays where each plaque counted corresponds to a single infectious unit.Both quantal and quantitative assays are amenable to statistical evaluation.

2.Variation can arise within an assay as a result of dilution errors,statistical effects,and differences within the assay system which are either unknown or difficult to control.These effects are likely to be greater when different assay runs are compared (between-assay variation)than when results within a single assay run are compared (within-assay variation).

3.The 95percent confidence limits for results of within-assay variation normally should be on the order of ±0.5log10of the mean.Within-assay variation can be assessed by standard textbook methods.Between-assay variation can be monitored by the inclusion of a reference preparation,the estimate of whose potency should be within approximately 0.5log10of the mean estimate established in the laboratory for the assay to be acceptable.Assays with lower precision may be acceptable with appropriate justification.

4.The 95percent confidence limits for the reduction factor observed should be calculated wherever possible in studies of clearance of “relevant”and specific “model”viruses.If the 95percent confidence limits for the viral assays of the starting material are +s,and for the viral assays of the material after the step are +a,the 95percent confidence limits for the reduction factor are

At low virus concentrations (e.g.,in the range of 10to 1,000infectious particles per L)it is evident that a sample of a few milliliters may or may not contain infectious particles.The probability,p,that this sample does not contain infectious viruses is:

where V(L)is the overall volume of the material to be tested,v (L)is the volume of the sample and n is the absolute number of infectious particles statistically distributed in V.

If V>>v,this equation can be approximated by the Poisson distribution:

where c is the concentration of infectious particles per L.

As an example,if a sample volume of 1mLis tested,the probabilities pat virus concentrations ranging from 10to 1,000infectious particles per Lare:

This indicates that for a concentration of 1,000viruses per L,in 37percent of sampling,1mLwill not contain a virus particle.

If only a portion of a sample is tested for virus and the test is negative,the amount of virus which would have to be present in the total sample in order to achieve a positive result should be calculated and this value taken into account when calculating a reduction factor.Confidence limits at 95percent are desirable.However,in some instances,this may not be practical due to material limitations.